Description of the nursing theorist

Nursing Theorists

1. Florence Nightingale - Environment theory
2. Hildegard Peplau - Interpersonal theory
3. Virginia Henderson - Need Theory
4. Fay Abdella - Twenty One Nursing Problems
5. Ida Jean Orlando - Nursing Process theory
6. Dorothy Johnson - System model
7. Martha Rogers -Unitary Human beings
8. Dorothea Orem - Self-care theory
9. Imogene King - Goal Attainment theory
10. Betty Neuman - System model
11. Sister Calista Roy - Adaptation theory
12. Jean Watson - Philosophy and Caring Model
13. Madeleine Leininger -Transcultural nursing
14. Patricia Benner - From Novice to Expert
15. Lydia E. Hall - The Core, Care and Cure
16. Joyce Travelbee - Human-To-Human Relationship
Model
17. Margaret Newman - Health As Expanding
Consciousness
18. Katharine Kolcaba - Comfort Theory
19. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse - Human Becoming Theory
20. Ernestine Wiedenbach - The Helping Art of Clinical
Nursing

1. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE- Environmental Theory
First nursing theorist
Unsanitary conditions posed health hazard (Notes
on Nursing, 1859)
5 components of environment
ventilation, light, warmth, effluvia, noise
External influences can prevent, suppress or
contribute to disease or death.
Nightingale’s Concepts
1. Person
Patient who is acted on by nurse
Affected by environment
Has reparative powers
2. Environment
Foundation of theory. Included everything, physical,
psychological, and social
3. Health
Maintaining well-being by using a person’s powers
Maintained by control of environment
4. Nursing
Provided fresh air, warmth, cleanliness, good diet,
quiet to facilitate person’s reparative process


2. HILDEGARD PEPLAU -Interpersonal Relations Model
Based on psychodynamic nursing
using an understanding of one’s own behavior to
help others identify their difficulties
Applies principles of human relations
Patient has a felt need
Peplau’s Concepts
1. Person
An individual; a developing organism who tries to
reduce anxiety caused by needs
Lives in instable equilibrium
2. Environment
Not defined
3. Health
Implies forward movement of the personality and
human processes toward creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and community living
4. Nursing
A significant, therapeutic, interpersonal process that
functions cooperatively with others to make health
possible
Involves problem-solving


3. VIRGINIA HENDERSON -The Nature of Nursing
"The unique function of the nurse is to assist the
individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to
peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And
to do this in such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as possible. She must in a
sense, get inside the skin of each of her patients in
order to know what he needs".


4. FAY ABDELLA- Topology of 21 Nursing Problems
A list of 21 nursing problems
Condition presented or faced by the patient or
family.
Problems are in 3 categories
physical, social and emotional
The nurse must be a good problem solver
Abdella’s Concepts
1. Nursing
A helping profession
A comprehensive service to meet patient’s needs
Increases or restores self-help ability
Uses 21 problems to guide nursing care
2. Health
Excludes illness
No unmet needs and no actual or anticipated
impairments
3. Person
One who has physical, emotional, or social needs
The recipient of nursing care.
4. Environment
Did not discuss much
Includes room, home, and community


5. IDA JEAN ORLANDO- Deliberative Nursing Process
The deliberative nursing process is set in motion by
the patient’s behavior
All behavior may represent a cry for help. Patient’s
behavior can be verbal or non-verbal.
The nurse reacts to patient’s behavior and forms
basis for determining nurse’s acts.
Perception, thought, feeling
Nurses’ actions should be deliberative, rather than
automatic
Deliberative actions explore the meaning and
relevance of an action.


6. DOROTHY JOHNSON-Behavioral Systems Model
The person is a behavioral system comprised of a
set of organized, interactive, interdependent, and
integrated subsystems
Constancy is maintained through biological,
psychological, and sociological factors.
A steady state is maintained through adjusting and
adapting to internal and external forces.
Johnson’s 7 Subsystems
Affiliative subsystem - social bonds
Dependency - helping or nuturing
Ingestive - food intake
Eliminative - excretion
Sexual - procreation and gratification
Aggressive - self-protection and preservation
Achievement - efforts to gain mastery and control
Johnson’s Concepts
1. Person
A behavioral system comprised of subsystems
constantly trying to maintain a steady state
2. Environment
Not specifically defined but does say there is an
internal and external environment
3. Health
Balance and stability.
4. Nursing
External regulatory force that is indicated only when
there is instability.


7. MARTHA ROGERS -Unitary Human Beings
Energy fields
Fundamental unity of things that are unique,
dynamic, open, and infinite
Unitary man and environmental field
Universe of open systems
Energy fields are open, infinite, and interactive
Pattern
Characteristic of energy field
A wave that changes, becomes complex and
diverse
Pandimensionality
A nonlinear domain with out time or space
Roger’s Definitions
Integrality
Continuous and mutual interaction between man
and environment
Resonancy
Continuous change longer to shorter wave patterns
in human and environmental fields
Helicy
Continuous, probabilistic, increasing diversity of the
human and envrionmental fields.
Characterized by nonrepeating rhymicities
Change


8. DOROTHEA OREM- Self-Care Model
Self-care comprises those activities performed
independently by an individual to promote and
maintain person well-being
Self care agency is the individual’s ability to
perform self care activities
Self- care deficit occurs when the person cannot
carry out self-care
The nurse then meets the self-care needs by acting
or doing for; guiding, teaching, supporting or
providing the environment to promote patient’s
ability
Wholly compensatory nursing system-Patient
dependent
Partially compensatory- Patient can meet some
needs but needs nursing assistance
Supportive educative-Patient can meet self care
requisites, but needs assistance with decision
making or knowledge


9. IMOGENE KING -Goal Attainment Theory
Open systems framework
Human beings are open systems in constant
interaction with the environment
Personal System
individual; perception, self, growth, development,
time space, body image
Interpersonal
Society
Personal System
Individual; perception, self, growth, development,
time space, body image
Interpersonal
Socialization; interaction, communication and
transaction
Society
Family, religious groups, schools, work, peers
The nurse and patient mutually communicate,
establish goals and take action to attain goals
Each individual brings a different set of values,
ideas, attitudes, perceptions to exchange


10. BETTY NEUMAN - Health Care Systems Model
The person is a complete system, with interrelated
parts
maintains balance and harmony between internal
and external environment by adjusting to stress and
defending against tension-producing stimuli
Focuses on stress and stress reduction
Primarily concerned with effects of stress on health
Stressors are any forces that alter the system’s
stability
Flexible lines of resistance - Surround basic core
Internal factors that help defend against stressors
Normal line of resistance - Normal adaptation state
Flexible line of defense - Protective barrier,
changing, affected by variables
Wellness is equilibrium
Nursing interventions are activates to:
strengthen flexible lines of defense
strengthen resistance to stressors
maintain adaptation


11. SISTER CARLISTA ROY - Adaptation Model
Five Interrelated Essential Elements
1. Patiency- The person receiving care
2. Goal of nursing- Adapting to change
3. Health-Being and becoming a whole person
4. Environment
5. Direction of nursing activities- Facilitating
adaptation
The person is an open adaptive system with input
(stimuli), who adapts by processes or control
mechanisms (throughput)
The output can be either adaptive responses or
ineffective responses


12. JEAN WATSON - Philosophy and Science of
Caring
Caring can be demonstrated and practiced
Caring consists of carative factors
Caring promotes growth
A caring environment accepts a person as he is and
looks to what the person may become
A caring environment offers development of
potential
Caring promotes health better than curing
Caring is central to nursing
Watson’s 10 Carative Factors
Forming humanistic-altruistic value system
Instilling faith-hope
Cultivating sensitivity to self and others
Developing helping-trust relationship
Promoting expression of feelings
Using problem-solving for decision making
Promoting teaching-learning
Promoting supportive environment
Assisting with gratification of human needs
Allowing for existential-phenomenological forces
Watson’s Concepts
Person
Human being to be valued, cared for, respected,
nurtured, understood and assisted
Environment
Society
Health
Complete physical, mental and social well-being
and functioning
Nursing
Concerned with promoting and restoring health,
preventing illness


13. ROSEMARY PARSE - Human Becoming Theory
Human Becoming Theory includes Totality
Paradigm
Man is a combination of biological, psychological,
sociological and spiritual factors
Simultaneity Paradigm
Man is a unitary being in continuous, mutual
interaction with environment
Originally Man-Living-Health Theory
Parse’s Three Principles
Meaning
Man’s reality is given meaning through lived
experiences
Man and environment cocreate
Rhythmicity
Man and environment cocreate ( imaging, valuing,
languaging) in rhythmical patterns
Cotranscendence
Refers to reaching out and beyond the limits that a
person sets
One constantly transforms
Person
Open being who is more than and different from the
sum of the parts
Environment
Everything in the person and his experiences
Inseparable, complimentary to and evolving with
Health
Open process of being and becoming. Involves
synthesis of values
Nursing
A human science and art that uses an abstract body
of knowledge to serve people


14. MADELEINE LEININGER - Culture Care Diversity
and Universality
According to transcultural nursing, the goal of
nursing care is to provide care congruent with
cultural values, beliefs, and practices
Sunrise model consists of 4 levels that provide a
base of knowledge for delivering cultural congruent
care.
Cultural care preservation
help maintain or preserve health, recover from
illness, or face death
Cultural care accommodation
help adapt to or negotiate for a beneficial health
status, or face death
Cultural care re-patterning
help restructure or change lifestyles that are
culturally meaningful


15. Patricia Brom Novice to Expert
Described 5 levels of nursing experience and
developed exemplars and paradigm cases to
illustrate each level
1. Novice
2. Advanced beginner
3. Competent
4. Proficient
5. Expert
Levels reflect:
movement from reliance on past abstract principles
to the use of past concrete experience as
paradigms
change in perception of situation as a complete
whole in which certain parts are relevant


16. LYDIA E.HALL - The Core, Care and Cure
The theory contains of three independent but
interconnected circles:
1. the core,
2. the care and
3. the cure
The core is the person or patient to whom nursing
care is directed and needed. The core has goals
set by himself and not by any other person. The
core behaved according to his feelings, and value
system.
The care circle explains the role of nurse
The cure is the attention given to patients by the
medical professionals.